Quaker women memories

1 моя ЖЖ подруга переводит некоторую книгу, куда входят воспоминания женщин, членок квакерских собраний. Квакеры -- непростая конгрегация, как мне кажется, менее людоедская по сравнению с остальными христианами. Где-то постил уже о помощи (американских?) квакеров голодающему Поволжью (надо найти! как и ваще все ссылки по топику из ЖЖ). То-есть, вполне гуманная.
Так вот: она считает квакерш -- идейным источником феминизма. Надо читать, текст тут.

Квакерский знак навевает анархистско-фашистско-новоспартаковские настроения.

упг: не в тот блог записал, запись в том

HIV Due to Female Sex Work

Introduction

Female sex workers (FSWs) are at high risk of HIV infection. Our objective was to determine the proportion of HIV prevalence in the general female adult population that is attributable to the occupational exposure of female sex work, due to unprotected sexual intercourse.

Methods

Population attributable fractions of HIV prevalence due to female sex work were estimated for 2011. A systematic search was conducted to retrieve required input data from available sources. Data gaps of HIV prevalence in FSWs for 2011 were filled using multilevel modeling and multivariate linear regression. The fraction of HIV attributable to female sex work was estimated as the excess HIV burden in FSWs deducting the HIV burden in FSWs due to injecting drug use.

Results

An estimated fifteen percent of HIV in the general female adult population is attributable to (unsafe) female sex work. The region with the highest attributable fraction is Sub Saharan Africa, but the burden is also substantial for the Caribbean, Latin America and South and Southeast Asia. We estimate 106,000 deaths from HIV are a result of female sex work globally, 98,000 of which occur in Sub-Saharan Africa. If HIV prevalence in other population groups originating from sexual contact with FSWs had been considered, the overall attributable burden would probably be much larger.

Discussion

Female sex work is an important contributor to HIV transmission and the global HIV burden. Effective HIV prevention measures exist and have been successfully targeted at key populations in many settings. These must be scaled up.

Conclusion

FSWs suffer from high HIV burden and are a crucial core population for HIV transmission. Surveillance, prevention and treatment of HIV in FSWs should benefit both this often neglected vulnerable group and the general population.

Citation: Prüss-Ustün A, Wolf J, Driscoll T, Degenhardt L, Neira M, et al. (2013)

HIV Due to Female Sex Work: Regional and Global Estimates. 

PLoS ONE 8(5): e63476. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063476

History of HIV epidemic

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/118285172/nynj_history_1_

the US child cured case

Позиция ВОЗ касательно последних новостей о случае ВИЧ-инфицированного новорожденного, засвидетельствованного функционально здоровым в результате раннего применения ВААРТ.

Оригинал на английском языке доступен на сайте ВОЗ-Женева

я, честно говоря, не понял кипежа, видимо, что-то медицинское
по протоколу.ру инфицированность дитя определяется сильно после рождения, вроде что-то поменяли, но срок значительный

тут ещё кое-какие каменты за ивэнт

reminder

"Анализ и математическое моделирование распространения ВИЧ-инфекции на территории России"

уже сегодня

состоялось, фотка докладчицы тут

HIV history is longer

Презерватив защищает от ВИЧ

Речь идёт о его внедрении в человеческую популяцию от шимпанзе (SIV). Предположительно это случилось в 1884-1924, речь о HIV-1 Type M (9/10 инфекций у человека). То, что раньше сомнения не вызывает: Фуко умер от СПИДа уже в 84 году. + Внедрение было многократным, из чего делается вывод, что далее вирусы эволюционировали по-разному.

Второй существенный тезис: для распространения вируса необходима плотность населения, превосходящая тy, что есть/было в Западной Африке колониального периода. Его незамеченность объясняется тем, что люди с ослабленным иммунитетом легко убивались заметными киллерами, оспой и др.

Исследование, сколько понимаю, состояло в анализе генома популяций, находящихся и не находящихся в контакте с шимпанзе, и у находящейся в контакте были обнаружены защитные антивирусные гены. Исследователи, тем не менее, не уверены, что защита -- результат эволюции.


ист: Alfred Roca, an assistant professor in the College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences at the University of Illinois

medweb

Ресурсы для медиков и пациентов

Мединары - медицинские вебинары АМСЗ
Тип документа:	Мультимедиа
Язык:	Русский
Оригинальный язык документа:	Русский
Главные области фокуса:	ВИЧ / СПИД, Туберкулез, Психическое здоровье, Туберкулез у ВИЧ-инфицированных (ТБ у ВИЧ+)
Вторичные области фокуса:	Научно обоснованная практика, Исследование по здравоохранению
Опубликовано:	Виктор Станилевский
Специально для пациентов:	Нет
Дата ввода:	11 Сентября 2011
ссылка

HIV status and responsibility

Доктор Хулио Монтанье, канадский ученый с мировым именем, сделавший ряд фундаментальных открытий в области ВИЧ/СПИДа, заявил, что нельзя требовать, чтобы ВИЧ-положительные люди раскрывали свой ВИЧ-статус сексуальным партнерам.

"Научные данные не подтверждают, что человек с ВИЧ с неопределяемой вирусной нагрузкой или постоянно практикующий безопасный секс, может представлять для кого-либо риск", - заявил Монтанье, который был одним из разработчиков высокоактивной антиретровирусной терапии (ВААРТ) - основного метода лечения ВИЧ-инфекции с 1996 года. Об этом со ссылкой на CTV News пишет проект "Парни+".

В своей статье Монтанье говорит о том, что клинические исследования показали, что при приеме антиретровирусной терапии риск передачи ВИЧ партнеру уменьшается на 96%.

"Пора уже признать научные доказательства, признать, что ВААРТ способна свести риск передачи ВИЧ практически к нулю, и пора отказаться от уголовного преследования за отказ раскрывать ВИЧ-статус", - говорится в статье Монтанье.

...Однако широкая публика вряд ли воспримет его призыв с готовностью. В последнее время канадские СМИ много писали о нескольких громких уголовных делах, когда произошла передача ВИЧ или даже смерть партнера.

...Монтанье подчеркивает, что ВИЧ-положительные люди и так сталкиваются с предрассудками общества, и они не должны страдать от "драконовских" законов, которые еще больше дискриминируют их из-за их заболевания. "Такая ситуация создает несправедливое бремя для людей, затронутых ВИЧ... людей, чье единственное преступление в том, что они ВИЧ-положительные, - говорит Монтанье. - Это лишено логики".

источник

Study Compares HIV Saliva Self-Test To Blood Test

A saliva test used to diagnose the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is comparable in accuracy to the traditional blood test, according to a new study led by the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC) and McGill University. The meta-analysis, which compared studies worldwide, showed that the saliva HIV test, OraQuick HIV1/2, had the same accuracy as the blood test for high-risk populations. The test sensitivity was slightly reduced for low risk populations. The study, published in this week's issue of The Lancet Infectious Diseases, has major implications for countries that wish to adopt self-testing strategies for HIV.

"Testing is the cornerstone of prevention, treatment and care strategies," says the study's lead author, Dr. Nitika Pant Pai, a medical scientist at the RI-MUHC and assistant professor of Medicine at McGill University. "Although previous studies have shown that the oral fluid-based OraQuick HIV1/2 test has great promise, ours is the first to evaluate its potential at a global level."

Dr. Pant Pai and her colleagues analyzed and synthesized real-life field research data from five worldwide databases. Their findings showed that the saliva test is 99 percent accurate for HIV in high risk populations, and about 97 percent in low risk populations.

The oral HIV test has become one of the most popular tests because of its acceptability and ease of use. It is non-invasive, pain-free, and convenient and produces results in 20 minutes. "Getting people to show up for HIV testing at public clinics has been difficult because of visibility, stigma, lack of privacy and discrimination. A confidential testing option such as self-testing could bring an end to the stigmatization associated with HIV testing," says Dr. Pant Pai, whose work is supported by a Grand Challenges Canada's Rising Star in Global Health Award. "There is a huge global momentum for alternate HIV self-testing strategies that can inform people know of their status."

High risk populations fuel the expansion of HIV epidemics but they face widespread discrimination, violence and social marginalization from healthcare services. UNAIDS estimates that globally, 90% of men who have sex with men lack access to the most basic sexual health services. "Oral HIV tests can be a powerful tool for high risk populations, but self-testing must be accompanied by linkage to care to achieve good health outcomes," says the study's co-author Dr. Rosanna Peeling, Professor and Chair of Diagnostics Research at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.

---

References:
About this study: The study, Head-to-head comparison of accuracy of a rapid point-of-care HIV test with oral versus whole-blood specimens: a systematic review and meta-analysis, was coauthored by Nitika Pant Pai (RI-MUHC/McGill), Bhairavi Balram (McGill), Sushmita Shivkumar (McGill), Jorge M Cajas (Queen's University, Kingston), Christiane Claessens (Institut National de santé publique du Québec), Gilles Lambert (Direction de santé publique de l'agence de la santé et des services sociaux de Montréal, INSPQ), Rosanna W Peeling (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK), and Lawrence Joseph (RI-MUHC/McGill).
Partners in research: This work has been made possible by a Knowledge Syntheses Grant from Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR).
McGill University Health Centre

---

Citations:
Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report:

MLA

McGill University Health Centre. "Study Compares HIV Saliva Self-Test To Blood Test." Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 26 Jan. 2012. Web.
27 Jan. 2012.

APA

McGill University Health Centre. (2012, January 26). "Study Compares HIV Saliva Self-Test To Blood Test." Medical News Today. Retrieved from
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/240748.php.

Women Cope Better With HIV/AIDS When They Have The Love Of A Dog Or Cat

A spoonful of medicine goes down a lot easier if there is a dog or cat around. Having pets is helpful for women living with HIV/AIDS and managing their chronic illness, according to a new study from the Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing at Case Western Reserve University.

"We think this finding about pets can apply to women managing other chronic illnesses," said Allison R. Webel, instructor of nursing and lead author of the article, "The Relationship Between Social Roles and Self-Management Behavior in Women Living with HIV/AIDS," which appears in the online journal Women's Health Issues.

Webel set out to better understand how women manage their HIV/AIDS and stay on track to take their medications, follow doctors' orders and live healthy lifestyles. She conducted 12 focus groups with 48 women to find out what they did to stay healthy. The women had an average age of 42, about 90 percent had children, and more than half were single.

During the focus groups, six predominant social roles emerged that helped and hindered these women in managing their illness: pet owner, mother/grandmother, faith believer, advocate, stigmatized patient, and employee. All roles had a positive impact except stigmatized patient, which prevented women from revealing their illness and seeking out appropriate supports.

"Much information is available about the impact of work and family roles, but little is known about other social roles that women assume," Webel said.

Being a pet owner was an important surprise, added Webel, who collaborated with co-author Patricia Higgins, a professor of nursing at Case Western Reserve University.

"Pets - primarily dogs - gave these women a sense of support and pleasure," Webel said.

When discussing the effect their pets have on their lives, the women weighed in. "She's going to be right there when I'm hurting," a cat owner said. Another said: "Dogs know when you're in a bad mood...she knows that I'm sick, and everywhere I go, she goes. She wants to protect me."

The human and animal bond in healing and therapy is being recognized, Webel said, as more animals are visiting nursing homes to connect to people with dementia or hospitals to visit children with long hospital stays.

Being a pet owner is just one social aspect of these women's lives. "We found the social context in which this self-management happens is important," Webel said.

Another strong role to emerge was advocate. Participants wanted to give back and help stop others from engaging in activities that might make them sick, the researchers report.

While roles as mothers and workers are well documented, "less-defined social roles also have a positive impact on self-management of their chronic illness," Webel said.

source

Investing wisely in HIV/AIDS

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

Ahead of World AIDS Day on Dec 1, 2011, WHO, UNICEF, and UNAIDS launched the Global HIV/AIDS Response 2011 progress report on Nov 30. The report is the fifth such annual report published since 2006. As John Zarocostas reports in this month's Newsdesk, the latest edition contains much good news on treatment and prevention, but the gains made by past efforts are jeapardised by the ongoing global financial crisis and dwindling funds.

The number of people receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) is increasing, with over 6·65 million patients in middle-income and low-income countries receiving treatment at the end of 2010. In the same year, nearly a half of pregnant women living with the HIV received prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Being on treatment has an impact on prevention as well. In sub-Saharan Africa, clinical trials have shown that if an HIV-positive person receives ART the risk of transmitting the virus to a partner is cut by 96%. Increased access to HIV-care services resulted in a reduction of new infections from 3·1 million in 2001 to 2·7 million in 2010, and a 22% decline in AIDS-related deaths in the past 5 years.

Despite the promising data contained in the report, funding for HIV/AIDS care is a concern. At their meeting on Nov 21—22 in Accra, Ghana, the board of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria decided to cut its present round of funding and to postpone funding for new projects until at least 2014. The move was prompted by a lack of financial support from donors and has caused dismay around the world. The Global Fund has established a transitional funding mechanism to provide emergency relief to current recipients who will run out of money before 2014. However, this will not allow countries to scale up their interventions to improve HIV care. Reduced funding will mean less support for HIV/AIDS support programmes and put at risk the goal of universal access to treatment by 2015.

At the end of 2010, the total amount of money made available by both International agencies and domestic funding bodies for HIV was US$15 billion. But international assistance for HIV care declined from $8·7 billion in 2009 to $7·6 billion in 2010. Economic uncertainty threatens the future of people who still do not have access to treatment, many of whom do not even know that they are infected with HIV. Social and political marginalisation of certain groups means that programmes to reach them might be most at risk in the face of funding cuts, but in many cases these groups are now the stronghold of the epidemic and key in the fight against it. Particularly vulnerable groups include adolescent girls, people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, transgender people, sex workers, prisoners, and migrants. For example, in eastern Europe ART coverage is low at 23%, and the most affected people—those who inject drugs—are most likely to be unable to access care.

The amount of money invested in the AIDS response from donor countries has fallen by 10% in 2010. Therefore, all countries must figure out how best to provide intervention with decreasing available funds. UNAIDS has recently established an investment framework with the intention to better manage national and international responses to HIV. The aim is to show that money sensibly invested and well spent can have a huge effect by reducing new infections and keeping people alive. This framework can be used by countries to refine current national programmes. Countries such as Brazil and Cambodia have looked at their own budgets and revised their current programmes. Other countries are encouraged to use the investment framework to revise their national efforts. Even with the optimisation approach suggested by the framework, investments needed to achieve and maintain universal accesss to ART would continue to rise, peaking at $22—24 billion in 2015, but this investment would avert 12·2 million new HIV infections, including 1·9 million infections among children, and 7·4 million AIDS-related deaths between 2011 and 2020.

The 2011 HIV/AIDS report shows successes in the HIV response. But after years of international investment, just when we seem to have the right technologies, drugs, and approaches to keep the epidemic under control, success hangs in the balance. Universal access to treatment by 2015 is certainly an ambitious goal, but a realistic one if donor governments can maintain their commitment and if recipient nations adopt strategic and sustainable approaches in their HIV/AIDS programmes. Money well spent today means less money spent tomorrow.

The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Volume 12, Issue 1, Page 1, January 2012

doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70357-7Cite or Link Using DOI

Underfunding Of Tuberculosis, WHO Warns Of Consequences

Underfunding Of Tuberculosis, WHO Warns Of Consequences

Top 10 Myths About HIV Vaccine Research

Dec. 1 is World AIDS Day, and in commemoration of the occasion, the HIV Vaccine Trials Network, headquartered at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, debunks the top 10 myths about HIV vaccine research.

Myth No. 1: HIV vaccines can give people HIV. HIV vaccines do not contain HIV and therefore a person cannot get HIV from the HIV vaccine. Some vaccines, like those for typhoid or polio, may contain a weak form of the virus they are protecting against, but this is not the case for HIV vaccines. Scientists make HIV vaccines so that they look like the real virus, but they do not contain any HIV. Think of it like a photocopy: It might look similar, but it isn't the original. In the past 25 years more than 30,000 volunteers have taken part in HIV vaccine studies worldwide, and no one has been infected with HIV by any of the vaccines tested because they do not contain HIV.

Myth No. 2: An HIV vaccine already exists. There is no licensed vaccine against HIV or AIDS, but scientists are getting closer than ever before to developing an effective vaccine against HIV. In 2009, a large-scale vaccine study conducted in Thailand called RV144 showed that a vaccine combination could prevent about 32 percent of new infections. Researchers are starting to understand why this vaccine combination worked and how to improve upon it.

Researchers around the world continue to search for an HIV vaccine that is even more effective. Leading this effort is the HIV Vaccine Trials Network, the largest publicly funded group of HIV vaccine researchers in the world. The HVTN is an international effort to find a safe and effective vaccine to stop the spread of HIV. It is funded by the U. S. National Institutes of Health.

Myth No. 3: Joining an HIV-vaccine study is like being a guinea pig. Unlike guinea pigs, people can say yes or no to participating in research. All study volunteers must go through a process called informed consent that ensures they understand all of the risks and benefits of being in a study, and those volunteers are reminded that they may leave a study at any time without losing rights or benefits. The HVTN takes great care in making sure people understand the study fully before they decide whether or not join. All HVTN research adheres to U.S. federal regulations on research, as well as the international standards for the countries in which it conducts research.

Myth No. 4: A person must be HIV positive to be in an HIV vaccine study. Not so. While some research groups are conducting studies of vaccines that might be used in people who are already infected with HIV, the vaccines being tested by the HVTN are preventive vaccines. They must be tested on volunteers who are not infected with HIV.

Myth No. 5: Vaccine researchers want study participants to practice unsafe behaviors so they can see whether the vaccine really works. Not true. The safety of study participants is the No. 1 priority of HIV vaccine researchers and study site staff. Trained counselors work with study participants to help them develop an individual plan on how to keep from contracting HIV. Participants also are given supplies such as condoms and lubricant as well as instructions on how to use them properly. HIV efficacy trials enroll thousands of participants over several years, and with even with the best counseling some participants will still become infected through their risky behavior. Changing human behavior is never easy; after all, many people still smoke, even though it is widely known that smoking is the major cause of lung cancer. An AIDS epidemic would not exist if prevention was as simple as counseling people to change their risky behavior.

Myth No. 6: Now that there are pills that can prevent HIV infection, an HIV vaccine is no longer necessary. HIV-negative people who are at high risk can take antiretroviral medication daily to try to lower their chances of becoming infected if they are exposed to the virus. This type of therapy called PrEP, short for PreExposure Prophylaxis has been shown to be effective among those at high risk. However, it has not yet been recommended for widespread use. PrEP is unlikely to be an option for everyone because the pills are expensive and are not always covered by insurance, may cause side effects, and not everyone has access to them. Remembering to take a pill every day is also challenging for some people. The most effective way to eliminate a disease is by using an effective vaccine. It was a vaccine that eliminated small pox and has almost eliminated polio. Most likely it will be an HIV vaccine that eliminates HIV from the world. Vaccines are an effective, affordable and practical option.

Myth No. 7: An HIV vaccine is unnecessary because AIDS is easily treated and controlled, just like diabetes. While treatment for AIDS has dramatically improved over the last 30 years, it is no substitute for prevention. Current HIV medications are very expensive, and there are also many side effects. Sometimes people develop drug resistance and have to change the regimen of pills they take. Access to these drugs for the uninsured in the U.S. and those in the developing world is also very limited.

Myth No. 8: The search for an HIV vaccine has been going on for a long time and it's just not possible to find one that works. The science of HIV-vaccine development is challenging, but scientific understanding continues to improve all the time. In just the past two years there have been promising results from the RV144 study in Thailand as well as exciting laboratory work, such as the discovery of new broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV. HIV is a powerful opponent, but scientists are constantly learning from one another and using advanced technology to fight it. Science has come a long way in the 30 years since AIDS was discovered. In comparing preventive HIV vaccine work to other vaccine development, the time it has taken is not so surprising; the polio vaccine took 47 years to develop.

Myth No. 9: Vaccines cause autism and just aren't safe. This is not true. Numerous studies in the past decade have found this claim to be false. The British doctor who originally published the finding about vaccines and autism has since been found to have falsified his data. There is actually no link between childhood vaccination and autism. It is true that vaccines often have side effects, but those are typically temporary (like a sore arm, low fever, muscle aches and pains) and go away after a day or two. The value of protection to vaccinated individuals and to the public has made vaccines one of the top public health measures in history, second only to having a clean water supply.

Myth No. 10: People who aren't at risk don't need an HIV vaccine. A person currently may not be at risk for HIV, but life situations can change along with disease risk. Such a vaccine also may be important for one's children or other family members and friends. By being knowledgeable about preventive HIV vaccine research, a person can be part of the solution by educating friends and family about the importance of such research and debunking the myths that surround it. Even if a person is not at risk, he or she can be part of the effort to find a vaccine that will hopefully save the lives of millions of people worldwide.

source: medicalnewstoday.com

twice by Feshbach

Russia Is Dying To Learn Its Census Data

Behind the Bluster, Russia Is Collapsing